LOW-CARB VS. LOW-FAT DIETS: A COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF HEALTH OUTCOMES

Abstract

ABSTRACT
The comparative effectiveness of low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets remains a critical topic in nutritional science, particularly in the context of managing obesity, metabolic syndrome, and
cardiovascular risk. This systematic review critically evaluated peer-reviewed clinical trials and cohort studies published between 2020 and 2025 to compare the short- and long-term health
outcomes associated with these dietary strategies. Findings reveal that low-carbohydrate diets often produce greater short-term weight loss, improvements in insulin sensitivity, and reductions in
triglyceride levels, especially among individuals with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. Conversely, low-fat diets demonstrate more consistent benefits in lowering total and LDL
cholesterol, suggesting potential cardioprotective effects. However, adherence challenges and variability in diet definitions complicate long-term efficacy for both approaches. Emphasizing nutrient quality over macronutrient quantity emerged as a critical factor influencing health outcomes. Bibliometric analysis highlighted a research shift toward personalized nutrition and sustainable dietary interventions. Overall, both dietary patterns can yield significant health benefits when tailored to individual metabolic profiles and supported by sustainable practices. Future research should focus on standardizing dietary definitions, enhancing long-term adherence strategies, and integrating personalized nutrition frameworks to optimize clinical outcomes.